Introduction
Although laboratory medicine seems overall less vulnerable to mistakes and violations than other clinical and diagnostic areas, the chance of errors is still not negligible and may generate adverse consequences on both the quality of testing and patient safety (1). For errors in total testing process (TTP), preanalytical errors have been found at the majority of the total errors (46 - 68%) in laboratory medicine, mainly emerging from manually intensive activities, especially those related to collection, handling, transportation, preparation and storage of diagnostic specimens. Less errors occur in the analytical (7 - 13%) and postanalytical (18 - 47%) phase (1, 2). Specimen adequacy is a crucial preanalytical factor affecting the accuracy and usefulness of test result (3). Laboratories usually establish a guideline for evaluating the acceptance of submitted specimens, and specimens not meeting the criteria of acceptability are rejected. Data on rejected samples due to various types of preanalytical errors are one of laboratory medicine preanalytical quality indicators (4).
Many agencies have developed surveys on specimen acceptability. The College of American Pathologists (CAP) Q-Probes analysis determined the frequency and reasons for rejection of chemistry specimens and complete blood count specimens and quantified the clinical consequences of specimen rejection (3, 5, 6). A retrospective analysis of the preanalytical phase had been carried out in Spain (7). In addition, several papers have been published concerning preanalytical errors and rejected specimens among different laboratories (4, 8, 9).
Preanalytical errors start to occur at the point of entry for laboratory test requests by clinicians (4). Studies showed that the main rejection reasons for haematology specimens were clotted samples and insufficient specimen quantity (5, 10). Personal impact on specimen collection was an important factor and the preanalytical error rate was 2 to 4 times higher for non-laboratory phlebotomists than laboratory staff (4).
An investigation on specimen acceptability for complete blood count testing and coagulation testing was conducted in 2012, but it was just a general preliminary survey (11). In the past 5 years, more attention has been paid on preanalytical phase and laboratory information system (LIS) was continuously optimized. It called the need to know the present situation of preanalytical haematology specimen acceptability in China. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and reasons for rejected haematology specimens, identify preanalytical variables which may affect specimen quality and consequences of rejection, and provide suggestions on monitoring quality indicators.
Materials and methods
Study design
A cross-sectional survey on specimen acceptability was initiated by the National Center for Clinical Laboratories (NCCL) in China and the study was conducted as part of the regular external quality assessment (EQA) scheme for 2017. Clinical laboratories participating in EQA programmes of clinical haematology were enrolled in this study, excluding non-hospital laboratories, such as commercial laboratories, centers for disease control and prevention, blood donation and supply institutions. A web-based questionnaire and survey notice were sent online on June 15th 2017, along with that, a short message was sent to laboratory directors explaining the purpose of the study. Participants were asked to give a response before 31th August and all data were collected via special software designed by NCCL and developed by CLInet Information Technology (Beijing, China).
Survey
The questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first part contained 18 questions on institution characteristics and laboratory practices on collection, transportation, and specimen handling. The second part comprised information about haematology specimen acceptability. In this part, participants were asked to register all specimens submitted to the laboratory for haematology testing which were determined to be rejected from 1st to 31th July. For each rejected specimen, the following information had to be recorded: source department, container type, container material type, transportation method, phlebotomy personnel, reason for rejection, action taken and time (including time of specimen receipt, time of specimen rejection and time of specimen recollected or relabelled). The above information was selected from a drop menu. Furthermore, participants also provided the total number of haematology specimens (both acceptable for testing and rejected) submitted in the same time period and the total number of specimens by source department, container type, container material type, transportation method and phlebotomy personnel.
Laboratories which provided questionnaires without the total number of specimens submitted or with incomplete data were excluded. Furthermore, laboratories which registered not only haematology specimens but also specimens of other branches (such as chemistry or immunology), were not included in the analysis.
Statistical analysis
Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) (2007 version) and SPSS 20.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) were used to analyse collected data. The overall rejection rate and interlaboratory rejection rate were calculated by the number of rejected specimens per total specimens. Percentage (%) and sigma value (σ) were employed to evaluate the status of rejection rate and data were presented as percentiles (p5, p25, p50, p75, p95) of distribution. The characteristics and practices of institutions were considered and participants were grouped according to them. The data of submitted and rejected specimens were aggregated and the Odds ratio (OR) was calculated, for each level, by dividing the percentage of rejected specimen by the baseline percentage of rejected specimen. The OR and their associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, and it was considered to be statistically significant if the associated 95% CI didn’t include the value 1.00. Besides, specimen processing delay, defined as the interval between the original and recollected/relabelled specimen receipt time, was calculated.
Shapiro-Wilks (N ≤ 50) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov modified by Lilliefors (N>50) were used to test the normality of the data. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for three or more groups and the Mann-Whitney U test for two groups were performed to compare the interlaboratory rejection rate by features of institutions and the specimen processing delay in different departments. Significance was defined as probability, P-value<0.05.
Results
A total of 1586 questionnaires were sent, among which, 890 questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 56% (890/1586). According to exclusion criteria, 580 questionnaires were considered valid and included in further analysis. Out of these, tertiary hospital accounted for 77%, with only 1.2% were accredited by CAP and 11% by ISO 15189. Most of participants (69%) were general hospitals and 15% were specialized hospitals (Table 1).
Table 1
Questions and answers delivered to participants
Nurse managed by nursing department was the most frequent phlebotomy personnel in inpatient department (97%) and emergency department (72%). As for outpatient department, the common phlebotomy personnel were nurse managed by nursing department (39%), laboratory personnel (34%) and nurse managed by clinical laboratory (26%). Common specimen transportation methods were by full-time transportation worker (67%) and nurse (12%) in inpatient department; full-time transportation worker (32%) and laboratory personnel (44%) in outpatient department; full-time transportation worker (45%) and nurse (22%) in emergency department. The proportion of participants using a pneumatic tube system for transportation in the three departments were 5%, 3% and 4%, respectively. Table 1 summarizes all the responses received from participants in the questionnaire.
Out of 10,181,036 reported haematology specimens submitted to the participating laboratories, 11,447 (0.11%) were rejected, and the σ of the overall rejection rate was 4.6. The distribution of percentiles of the rejection rate (% and σ) were as follows: the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 95th for percentage was 0.01%, 0.04%, 0.09%, 0.18% and 0.50%, and for σ scale was 4.1, 4.4, 4.6, 4.9 and 5.2, respectively. Figure 1 shows the distribution of participating laboratories according to the percentage and σ scale of haematology specimens rejected. A total of 311, 137 and 55 laboratories, respectively, provided a rejection rate lower than 0.1%, between 0.1% and 0.2%, and between 0.2% and 0.3%. Most of laboratories (82%) had a σ between 4σ and 5σ.
Figure 1
Distribution of participants according to rejection rate (% and σ) of haematology specimens
Table 2 illustrates the specimen rejection rate of participants according to their characteristics/practices, including hospital grade, bed size, ISO 15189/CAP accreditation, training frequency for phlebotomy personnel, specimen rejection criteria, and periodically reviewed main reasons for rejection and take measures. No significant differences were identified.
Table 2
Specimen rejection rate by institution characteristics/practices
| Institution characteristics/practices | N | Median of specimen rejection rate, % | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital grade | Class III Grade I | 342 | 0.10 | 0.200 |
| Class III Grade II | 103 | 0.07 | ||
| Under Class II | 135 | 0.08 | ||
| Bed size | 0 - 500 | 136 | 0.10 | 0.508 |
| 501 - 1000 | 204 | 0.09 | ||
| 1001 - 1500 | 128 | 0.09 | ||
| > 1500 | 112 | 0.08 | ||
| ISO 15189/CAP accreditation | Yes | 66 | 0.12 | 0.065 |
| No | 514 | 0.09 | ||
| Training frequency | Once a year | 218 | 0.10 | 0.513 |
| Once half a year | 94 | 0.08 | ||
| Once every one to three months | 50 | 0.09 | ||
| Irregularly scheduled | 202 | 0.09 | ||
| Rejection criteria | Yes | 571 | 0.09 | 0.157 |
| No | 9 | 0.04 | ||
| Periodical summary of specimen rejection reasons | Yes | 505 | 0.09 | 0.608 |
| No | 75 | 0.09 | ||
| Training frequency - training frequency for phlebotomy personnel (question 12 in Table 1). Rejection criteria - refer to question 13 in in Table 1. Periodical rejection summary - refers to the periodical review of main reasons for specimen rejection (question 14 in Table 1). ISO - International Organization for Standardization. CAP - College of American Pathologists. Data were analysed using Kruskal-and Mann-Whitney U test. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. | ||||
Table 3 compares the percentage of collected and rejected specimens according to specimen characteristics, including source department, container type, container material type, transportation method and phlebotomy personnel. Odds ratio and 95% CI limits are presented in the last column in Table 3.
Table 3
Relation between specimen characteristics and specimen collection/rejection
When compared with source department, 87% of rejection specimens were from inpatient department, with a rejection rate of 0.19%, which was significantly higher than emergency department. The OR demonstrated that non-vacuum tube had a significantly greater rejection rate than vacuum tube. The OR between plastic and glass was 1.13, which showed statistical significance, but this appeared to be of little practical significance. Taking transportation method into account, transportation by a full-time transportation worker had a slightly higher rejection rate than other methods, among which, specimens transported by laboratory personnel showed an apparently lower rejection rate, where the OR was 0.19. As for phlebotomy personnel, the OR revealed a significantly lower rate of rejection for specimens drawn by laboratory personnel (0.06) and nurse managed by clinical laboratory (0.13) when compared to nurse managed by nursing department, and specimens drawn by clinicians had a little higher rejection rate than that of nursing staff.
Table 4 illustrates the distribution of rejected specimens in this study based on reasons for rejection. In total, about 85% of rejections attributed to the five reasons: specimen clotted (57%), insufficient specimen volume (14%), inappropriate specimen-anticoagulant volume ratio (6.9%), incorrect container type (4.2%) and inadequately labelled (2.9%).
Table 4
Reasons for haematology specimen rejection
Of the 11,447 rejected specimens, laboratory staff were unable to obtain information about measures taken of 562 (4.9%) specimens, requested 9563 (83.6%) specimens to be recollected, and asked for 479 (4.2%) specimens to be relabelled, and 2.6% rejected specimens were abandoned by the laboratory and provider. Besides, 541 (4.7%) rejection were classified as “other”, which participants did not believe fit into one of the provided actions.
Table 5 shows that the median specimen processing delay was statistically significant among different source department. The overall median specimen processing delay due to specimen rejection was 57.0 minutes for outpatient specimens, 43.3 minutes for emergency specimens and 81.0 minutes for inpatient specimens. The result indicated that the median specimen processing delay in inpatient department was greater than which in outpatient department (P < 0.001) and emergency department (P < 0.001), whereas there was no significance between outpatient department and emergency department (P = 0.111).
Table 5
Median specimen processing delay in the three departments investigated
Discussion
The rejection rate in the study was similar to, but slightly lower than that found in the previous complete blood count testing study in 2012 (11). The comparison, to some extent, illustrates that laboratories in China pay more attention to collection and reception of specimens in the past 5 years, leading to a reduction in rejection due to preanalytical errors. However, it is worth mentioning that the apparently good sigma values in the study should not mislead laboratories and oversight bodies to believe that there were no issues to address in preanalytical quality.
Compared with the survey conducted by CAP and in Spain, the overall rejection rate in this study was much lower, which might be attributed to the following reasons (3, 5, 7). First, participants in the survey were mainly tertiary hospitals, which represents a relatively good laboratory practice in China. Second, LIS in some laboratories had no adequate function to record all the information of specimens. A lot of participants responded that they recorded rejected specimens manually and some of them believed that not all the rejected specimens were recorded. Third, the definition of unacceptable specimen varied among different laboratories and laboratories had different rejection criteria. That means, the same type specimen might be rejected by the laboratory but might not be rejected by the other laboratory.
The most common rejection reason was clotted specimen, which occurred four times more often than the second most common reason for rejection, insufficient specimen volume. The result was similar to the study of haematology specimen acceptability conducted by CAP, whose most common reasons for rejection was clotted and insufficient specimen quantity (5). Since the predominance of clotted specimens, participants were suggested to have an in-depth investigation for reasons for that. For example, the blood collection procedure and the mixing procedure of collection tube, so as to decrease the occurrence of clotted specimen.
It is worth mentioning that transportation method and phlebotomy personnel were important influence factors for specimen acceptability. Specimens transported by laboratory personnel and specimens collected by laboratory personnel and nurse managed by laboratory exhibited a much lower rejection rate. It possibly because laboratory personnel had a better knowledge of the influence factors of specimen and had a better practice on specimen collection and transportation. The results mean that participants might benefit from strengthening training for phlebotomy and transportation personnel.
The common direct consequences of specimen rejection were the need to recollect a new specimen and result in delay in the examination and reporting of the specimen. The outcomes of specimen recollection and delay in reporting usually led to patient complaint and dissatisfaction and postponed the diagnosis and treatment for the patient.
A survey on specimen acceptability in China was conducted in 2012 (11). However, considering it was an initial investigation on quality indicators conducted by NCCL in China, the content of the investigation and the data returned was not complete. Compared to that, this study had a detailed investigation on the practice of the management in preanalytical phase and had a detailed analysis on the relation between specimen acceptability and specimen characteristics and quantified the consequence of specimen processing delay. However, there was certain limitation in the study. Participants were asked to register all the information of rejected specimens, one by one, which was a little complicated and hard to complete.
In summary, the management of unacceptable specimens in China needs to be improved. The criteria for specimen rejection and judgment method for unacceptable specimens need to be harmonized. Specimen rejection rate was an important indicator for quality monitoring in preanalytical phase. Laboratories themselves should regularly review the monthly specimen rejection rate and related influence factor and take effective actions. Strengthening information system construction played a key role in the process. The main objective of EQA program for specimen acceptability was to provide a useful tool for laboratories to better follow up the status and achieved the quality continuous improvement. The platform and framework for specimen acceptability in the study would be helpful for long-term monitoring of quality indicators for clinical laboratories, but the questionnaire in this study was a little complicated. In order to have a more convenient and correct fill in of answer forms, simplification and modification should be introduced in the following investigation.
